کتاب "سرمایہ دارانہ مغربی فکرکا رَد،بحیثیت نظریۂ حیات، تہذیب اور ثقافت” سے اقتباس
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
سائنس اور سائنسی طریقہ کار
اگر انسان ہی قانون ساز ہو، جیسا کہ مغرب زور دیتا ہے، تو وہ قوانین کیسے بنائے ؟ وہ اپنے علم سے کیسے اخذ کرے؟ حقیقت کو جانچنے کا کیا معیار ہو ؟ مذہب کوعلم اور طریقہ کارکے ماخذکے طور پر زندگی سے نکال باہرکرنے کے بعد، مغرب نے نتیجہ خیزطرزِ فکر کے حوالے سے سوالات پوچھے۔ مغرب کا جواب دو نظریات تک ہی محدود تھا : عقلی نظریہ(Rationalist Doctrine) اورتجرباتی نظریہ(Empirical Doctrine)۔ عقلی نظریہ اس بات پر زور دیتا ہے کہ عقل ، حقیقت پر مقدم ہے۔ لہٰذا یہ انسان کے حواس پر انحصار نہیں کرتا بلکہ عقلی توجیح پر علم کے ماخذ کے طور پرانحصار کرتا ہے۔ اس نظریے کے مطابق عقلی توجیح ہی ، خواہ وہ ذہن میں اچانک وارد ہونے والے خیال کی بنا پر ہو یا استخراج (deduction)کی بناء پرہویا پھر فطری طور پر موجودشعور کے ذریعے ہو، قطعیت اور حقیقت کو جانچنے کا پیمانہ ہے نہ کہ کوئی مشاہدہ یا تجربہ ۔ جہاں تک تجرباتی نظریہ (Empirical Doctrine)کا تعلق ہے، تو اس کے مطابق احساسات ہی وہ واحد ذریعہ ہیں جوافکاراور سوچ کو جنم دیتےہیں۔ یہ نظریہ اس بات پر بھی زور دیتا ہے کہ تمام سابقہ انسانی علم بھی مشاہدات اور تجربات سے ہی حاصل کیا گیا تھا، یعنی “a posteriori” نہ کہ “a priori”۔ تجرباتی نظریے کو سامنے رکھتے ہوئے ایک سائنسی تجرباتی طریقہ کار وضع کیا گیا۔ لفظ، Empiricism ، قدیم یونانی لفظ empeiria سے ماخوذ ہے ، جس کے معنی "تجربہ ” کے ہیں، جو حقیقت اور شعور کو ماپنے کے لئے تجربہ پر انحصار کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔ تجرباتی نقطۂ نظر سے متعدد فلسفے رُونما ہوئے جنہوں نے مغرب میں معاشرے میں نظاموں سے متعلق افکار کو متاثٔر کیا۔ اسی تجرباتی نقطۂ نظر سے ، مادیت پرستی، افادیت پرستیutilitarianism،مثبیتpositivism،حقیقت پرستی pragmatism اور دیگر فلسفے اُبھرکر سامنے آئے۔
سائنسی تجرباتی طریقہ کار سے حاصل ہونے والی کامیابیوں اور دریافتوں کو مدِّ نظر رکھتے ہوئے ، جنہوں نے مادی طور پر مغرب کی نشاۃِ ثانیہ میں اپنا حصہ ڈالا، مغرب نے اسی طریقۂ کار کو تفکیر کے طریقے کے طور پر اپنا لیا۔ اس طریقۂ کار کو شعور اور حقیقت جانچنے کا واحد پیمانہ بنا کر ، اس حد تک قابلِ تعظیم بنا دیا گیا کہ مغرب اسے تقدس کے درجے تک لے گیا۔ مغرب نے تمام معاملات میں اسی سائنسی طریقۂ فکر کو غالب کرتے ہوئے، اسے ہر طرح کی تحقیق کیلئے لاگوکردیا، یہاں تک کہ انسان ، معاشرے اور ان کے تعلقات کے حوالے سے کچھ تحقیق اُسی سائنسی تجرباتی طریقہ کار کے مطابق ہونے لگی، اور نیوٹن کےعلمِ میکانیات سے وابستہ نظریۂ جبریت (Determinism)ان معاملات پر بھی لاگوکیاگیا۔ (وقت اور خلاء سے متعلق ) نظریۂ مناسبت(Theory of Relativity) ، کوانٹم تھیوری، غیر روایتی دریافتوں اور دیگر معاملات کے ظہور کے ساتھ ہی سائنس کے حتمی ہونے اور نظریۂ جبریت کے خلاف بھی سوالات اُٹھنے لگے۔ اس نے بیسویں صدی کے وسط سے ،سائنس ، تجرباتی طریقہ کار اور نظریۂ جبریت کے خلاف جوابی انقلاب کی راہ ہموار کی۔ چنانچہ بعض مغربی مفکرین نے سائنس کے رَد کی کوشش کی اور اس کی نمایاں ناکامیوں کو موضوع بنایا، خصوصاً سائنس کا نوع ِانسان کے حوالےسے یہ خیال کہ انسان کا وجودپزیر ہونامادے کے فطری عمل کا نتیجہ ہے۔ بہرحال ، پھر بھی مغرب میں علم پر چھائے رہنے کے ساتھ ساتھ سائنس ہی غالب رہی اور سائنسی طریقہ کار،سوچ و فکر کو جانچنے کا پیمانہ بھی رہا اور تنقید کے لیے معیار بھی اور علم کی بنیادبھی۔ پس سائنسی فکر یا تنقیدی فکر سے مغرب کی مراد صرف سائنسی تجرباتی طریقہ کار empirical scientific methodہو تا ہے۔
درحقیقت،مغرب کا سائنسی نظریہ دو پہلوؤں سے باطل ہے: ایک تو یہ اپنے آپ میں ایک علم ہونے کے پہلو سے باطل ہے۔ دوسرا یہ اس پہلو سے بھی باطل ہے کہ اسے ہی سوچ و فکر کی بنیاد سمجھا جائے۔
جہاں تک سائنس کو خود ایک علم سمجھنے کا تعلق ہے تو یہ مغرب کے تصورات میں موجودہے۔ سائنس صرف ایک طریقۂ کار ہی نہیں ہے بلکہ ایک حتمی انسانی فہم کے طور پر علم کے حاصل ہو جانے کی ضمانت ہے۔ فلسفۂ مثبیت کے بانی آگسٹے کومٹ (متوفی 1857)، نے سماجی ارتقأ کے حوالے سے یہ تجزیہ پیش کیا کہ معاشرہ ، تین ادوار کےعمومی قانون کے مطابق ،اپنی سچائی کی تلاش میں ، تین مراحل سے گزرتا ہے ۔ کومٹ کے مراحل یہ تھے؛ پہلا: مذہبی مرحلہ،دوسرا: بعد الطبیعات(metaphysical) کا مرحلہ اورتیسرا: مثبیت کا مرحلہ، جو کہ سائنسی مرحلے کے نام سےبھی جانا جاتا ہے۔
مذہبی مرحلے کے دوران ، انسان قدرتی مظاہر کی وضاحت مافوق الفطرت طاقتوں کے ذریعے کرتا تھا، جن کی عکاسی دیوتا کیا کرتے تھے۔ بعد الطبیعیات کے مرحلے میں، یعنی تحقیق (چھان بین) کے مرحلے میں، انسان نے قدرتی مظاہر کے حوالے سے استدلال اور سوالات کرنا شروع کئے ، اس نے فطری عوامل کے بارے میں مذہب اور حکمرانی پرسوالات اٹھائے۔ مثبیت کے مرحلے میں، جو کہ سائنسی مرحلہ ہے، انسان نے تجرباتی طریقہ کارکے ذریعے فطرت کے بارے میں سیکھا۔ انسان نے کائنات کی فطرت کی وضاحت بھی اسی طریقہ سے کی، اور سائنسی اور وضاحتی شکل کے متعلق مثبت علم وضع کیا۔ اس طرح اس طریقہ نے انسان کو فطرت پر غالب ہونے ، اسے قابو میں کرنے اور اسے اپنے مقصد کے لیے استعمال کرنے کے قابل بنا دیا۔ آگسٹے کومٹ نے اس بات کا دعوٰی کیا ہے۔ تاہم، ان دعوؤں اور پرچار سے قطع نظر، سائنس بُری طرح ناکام ہوئی ہے۔ سائنس ، انسان کو نوعِ انسانی کے وجود، اس کے کردار اوردنیا میں اس کے مقصد کے بارے میں جامع اور مفصل علم فراہم نہ کرسکی۔ اس کے بجائے، سائنس نے انسان کو صرف مادی علم ہی فراہم کیا جس نے صنعتی اور بعد از صنعتی تہذیب کو جنم دیا۔بہرحال، سائنس کائنات کے بارے میں اپنی گہری اور معیاری ومقداری توضیحات کے بنا پر ایک منفردپہچان رکھتی ہے، جو کہ نوعِ انسانی کو فطرت کی صناعیوں سے استفادہ حاصل کرنے میں معاون ہے۔
تاہم، سائنس نے انسان کو اپنے آپ کو جاننے اور انسانیت کی روح و جوہرکو سمجھنے سے دور رکھا ہے اوراپنے وجود اور اپنی تخلیق کا ادراک کرنے سے بھٹکائے رکھا ہے۔ اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ سائنس، انسان کے وجود کے مقصد اور اس کے انجام کی حقیقت، دونوں کے کھوج کو محض فلسفیانہ تحقیق سمجھتی ہے۔ سائنس اس تحقیق کو کاسمولوجی، آنٹولوجی اور مابعدالطبیعات کے دائرہ کار میں رکھتی ہے۔ سائنس اس یقین کو قائم رکھتی ہے کہ مادی حقائق کا ٹھوس علم ہی سبقت رکھتا ہے ، لہٰذا اس کھوج کا کوئی حتمی نتیجہ نہیں نکل سکتا، اسی لیے اس تحقیق کا کوئی فائدہ نہیں۔ لہٰذا اس طرح سائنس کی نوعیت بیانی تشریح کی ہے، جو دنیائے عالم کو ایک مقدار و ماہیت کے طور پر بیان کرتی ہے۔ لہذا، سائنس توضیح(interpretation) کے بجائے بیان(description) کے زیادہ قریب ہے، کیونکہ توضیح میں محض بیان سے آگے کے معاملات شامل ہوتے ہیں۔ توضیح ، مظاہر کے وجود کے اسباب اور ان کے مقاصد کا مطالعہ ہے۔ سائنس سے کی گئی وضاحت، انسان کو اس کی حقیقت کی وجہ فراہم نہیں کرتی۔ اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ سائنس مقصدِحیات کی وضاحت کو نظر انداز کرتی ہے۔ یہ کائنات کا صرف معیار و مقدار کے لحاظ سے تجزیہ کرتی ہے۔ سائنس، دنیا کوصرف اس کے اوصاف کے لحاظ سے سمجھنے میں انسانیت کی مدد کرتی ہے۔ تاہم، یہ انسانیت کو اس کے مقصدِ حیات کے متعلق تصورات یا زندگی گزانے کے اصول فراہم نہیں کرتی۔ اس کی وسعت سے قطع نظر، سائنس کی طرف سے فراہم کردہ علم صرف ایک جزوی علم ہے، جس کا تعلق انسان کے وجود اور اس کی دنیا کے صرف ایک حصے سے ہے۔ سائنس ، انسانی حیات کے تمام معاملات اور انسانی وجود کے ہر پہلو کا احاطہ نہیں کرتی۔ اللہ سبحانہ وتعالی فرماتے ہیں، يَعْلَمُونَ ظَاهِرًا مِّنَ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا وَهُمْ عَنِ الْآخِرَةِ هُمْ غَافِلُونَ " وہ بس ظاہری طور پر دنیا کا جینا جانتے ہیں۔ اور وہ آخرت سے بے خبر ہیں"( سورة الروم : 7)۔ ابھی لاتعداد ایسے سوالات موجود ہیں جن کا جواب دینے سے سائنس قاصر ہے؛ جن میں سے سب سے اہم "کیوں” سے متعلق ہیں۔ نوعِ انسانی کیوں موجود ہے ؟ کائنات کیوں موجود ہے؟ زندگی کیوں موجود ہے؟ انسان اور حیات سے متعلق ، یہ سب انتہائی اہم سوالات ہیں۔ انسان کبھی آرام سے نہیں بیٹھ سکتا اور نہ ہی زندگی کے فیصلے کر سکتا ہے، جب تک کہ وہ ان سوالات کے جوابات نہ جان لے ، چاہے وہ جوابات ٹھیک ہوں یا غلط۔
اسی سلسلے میں فرانسیسی سیاستدان اور مصنف، آندرے مالراکس André Malraux (متوفی 1976) نے ایک ناول ، ” انسان کا مقدر” لکھا (فرانسیسی نام : La Condition humaine،” انسان کا ا حوال” )، جو کہ انسانیت کے مستقل معانی تلاش کرنے کے ناممکنات کو ڈرامائی انداز میں پیش کرتا ہے، اس میں یہ تبصرہ بھی شامل ہے ،”حتیٰ کہ کوئی موت سے بھی گفتگو کر سکتا ہے…. گو کہ یہ بہت ہی مشکل ہے، مگر شاید زندگی کا یہی مطلب ہے….” ۔علاوہ ازیں، ترقی پسندی اورپھیلاؤ بھی سائنسی طریقہ کار کا خاصہ ہیں، جیسا کہ مغربی مفکرین بیان کرتے ہیں۔ اس کا مفہوم یہ ہے کہ تمام تر سائنسی علم ترقی، ارتقاء، لچک اور تبدیلی سے مشروط ہے ۔ تا ہم اس کا یہ مطلب بھی ہے کہ سائنس حتمی شعور فراہم نہیں کرتی۔ پس اس طرح ، انسان کے لئے اپنی زندگی اور اپنے نظاموں کو اس بنیاد پر استوار کرنا ممکن نہیں۔ اسی لئے یہ کہنا غلط ہو گا کہ سائنس ایک ایسا علم ہے جو کہ نوعِ انسانی کی حقیقت واضح کرتے ہوئے ، زندگی کا معنی متعین کرتا ہے۔
جہاں تک دوسرے پہلو کا تعلق ہے، جو کہ سائنسی طریقہ کو شعور کی بنیاد سمجھنا ہے، تو سائنس کے سوچنے کے طریقہ کار میں ہی بگاڑ ہے۔ اس کی خرابی کی کئی وجوہات ہیں ، جن میں سے چند ذیل میں ہیں :
اول : سائنسی طریقہ کار، جس موضوع پر تحقیق کی جائے، اس کا صحیح علم حاصل کرنے اور کسی علمی نتیجہ تک پہنچنے کے لئے تحقیق کرنے کا ایک مخصوص طریقہ ہے۔ یہ اپنے مخصوص مراحل پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے : مشاہدہ، استقراء(مفروضات کا وضع کرنا)، استنباط ( تجرباتی تشکیل)، جانچ (معلومات جمع کرنا) اور تشخیص ( اعداد وشمار کا تجزیہ اور تصوراتی تشکیل)۔ یہ مستند سائنسی طریقہ کار کے مراحل ہیں۔ مغربی مفکرین کے درمیان مشاہدے(observation) کو مفروضہ(hypothesis) پر ترجیح دئیے جانے یا اس کے برعکس مفروضہ کو مشاہدہ پر فوقیت دئیے جانے پر بحث ومباحثے ہوتے رہے ہیں۔ اسی لیے مغربی مفکر اسقرائی طریقہ(inductive method) کو، جس میں مجسم مشاہدات کو ایک عمومی اصول اخذ کرنے کے لیے ترtib دی جاتی ہے،استنباطی یا استخراجی طریقہ (deductive method)سے الگ رکھتے ہیں، جس میں منطقی نتیجے تک پہنچنے کے لیے ایک یا ایک سے زیادہ بیانات (مفروضوں) سے استدلال کیا جاتا ہے ۔ بہر حال سائنسی طریقہ کار زیادہ تر قدرتی سائنسی موضوعات جیسے فزکس، کیمسٹری اور بیالوجی کے ساتھ ساتھ سوشل سائنس، بشمول سوشیالوجی، مینجمنٹ سائنس، پولیٹیکل سائنس، نفسیات (سائیکالوجی) اور تاریخ جیسے موضوعات کا احاطہ کرتا ہے۔
سائنسی طریقہ کہلانے والا یہ طریقہ ، انسان کیلئےسوچ و فکر کی بنیاد بننے کے قابل نہیں ہے۔ اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ بنی نوع انسان کیلئے سوچ و فکرکی بنیاد رکھنے کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ وہ بنیاد تمام انسانیت کی پہنچ میں ہو، تاکہ ہر کوئی اسے اپنی سوچ و فکر کے لیے بنیاد کے طور پر اختیار کر سکے۔ تاہم، سائنسی طریقہ کار درحقیقت ایک پیچیدہ طریقہ ہے جو مخصوص قوانین اور شرائط کے تابع ہے، جس کی تمام انسان نہ تو پابندی کرسکتے ہیں اور نہ ہی پورا کر سکتے ہیں۔ حقیقت میں، سائنسی طریقہ فکر چند مخصوص لوگوں اور گروہوں کے لیے تو فکر کی بنیاد ہو سکتا ہے، لیکن عام عوام کے لیے نہیں۔ اگر علم یا حقائق پر تمام لوگوں کا حق ہے تو فکر عمومی بنیادوں پر ہر کسی کے لیے قابل رسائی ہونی چاہیے تا کہ وہ استفادہ حاصل کرے۔ لیکن سائنسی طریقہ کارکے معاملے میں ایسا نہیں ہے۔ مغرب میں سائنسی طریقہ کار کا ظہور اور سماجی طور پر اس کا نمایاں ہو جانا، دونوں ایک انقلابی تنقیدی رجحان پر مبنی تھے کہ جس نے کلیسائی علم کو مسترد کیا۔ مسترد کرنے کی وجہ یہ تھی کہ کلیسا اور پادریوں نے بحث ومباحثہ اور تنقید کی انفرادی آزادیوں کو ضبط کر تے ہوئے عوام کو ان کی مرضی سے قبول کرنے یا مسترد کرنے کے حق سے محروم کردیاتھا ۔
مزید برآں، مغرب نے سائنس کو سوچ و فکر کی بنیاد بناتے ہوئے، کلیسا کو ایک اعلیٰ اختیار کے مقام سے ہٹا دیا جسے سننا اور اس کی تعمیل کرنا لازمی ہوا کرتاتھا۔ کائنات اور زندگی کی وضاحتوں میں جو کچھ بھی سائنس نے فراہم کیا تھا ، اگرچہ ہر کسی کو اس سب کی سمجھ بوجھ اور ترکیب کی رسائی حاصل نہیں ہے ، پھر بھی ہر ایک پر اس کو ماننالازم کیا گیا۔ یہ اس سب کے باوجود ہے کہ یہ سائنسی علم ابھی محض مفروضہ جات ہیں جو کسی قطعی نتیجہ کے درجے تک نہیں پہنچے ہیں۔ حتیٰ کہ کوئی سائنسی کلیہ ثابت ہوجانے پر بھی اسے قطعی وحتمی علم نہیں گردانا جا سکتا، کیونکہ اس میں ہمیشہ اصلاح، ترمیم اور ارتقاء کا امکان ہوتا ہے۔ اس طرح مغربی فکر، کلیسا کی فرمانبرداری سے ہٹ کر سائنس کی اندھی تابعداری اور پیروی کی جانب مڑ گئی۔ مزید یہ کہ، ان میں سے کچھ سائنس کو مذہب کے طور پر ماننے لگے ہیں، جس کی مثال ارتقائی مذہب (Scientology ) کو ماننے والا فرقہ ہے۔ سائنس کے پاس انسان کی وجۂ تخلیق کے سوال سے متعلق کوئی حتمی جواب نہیں ہے۔ لہٰذا وہ سائنس جس نے مغرب کے انسان کو آزاد کرانا تھا،اسی نے اس کو جکڑ بندی میں ڈال دیا۔
دوم : سائنسی طریقہ کار تجربات پر مبنی ہوتا ہے۔ اس میں صرف اس چیز پر تحقیق کرنا ممکن ہے جسے محسوس کیا جا سکتا ہو۔ افکار یا تفکیر سے متعلق تحقیق کے دائرہ کار میں سائنس کی کوئی جگہ نہیں ہے۔ جہاں تک اس بات کا تعلق ہے کہ مغرب سائنسی طریقہ کار کو تمام علوم اور تحقیقِ انسانی کے تمام شعبوں میں عمومی طور پر استعمال کرنے کا نقطہ نظررکھتا ہے تو یہ بذاتِ خود سوچ و فکر کے بنیادی طریقہ کار کی مشابہت اور تقلید کی بناء پرہے۔ ایسے مغربی مفکرین موجودہیں جو یہ سمجھتے ہیں کہ تجرباتی طریقہ کار (empirical method)کو تمام تر انسانی علوم پر لاگو نہیں کیا جاسکتا۔ اُن کا ماننا ہے کہ انسانی جذبات و احساسات کا مطالعہ تجرباتی اعدادوشمار کے اندازمیں نہیں کیا جا سکتا۔ اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ وہ کوئی ایسی اشیائے محسوسہ نہیں ہیں کہ جسے سائنسی تجربات کا نشانہ بنایا جا سکے۔ انسانوں کے باہمی تعلقات جومعاشرہ کی تشکیل کرتے ہیں اور ان کے مخصوص تغیرات، کا بھی لیباٹری تجربات کے ذریعے تجرباتی طریقہ کار کے مطابق مطالعہ نہیں کیا جا سکتا۔
سؤم : سائنسی طریقہ کار کے نتائج ، قطعی نتائج نہیں ہیں، بلکہ یہ ظنی ہیں جن میں غلطی ممکن ہے۔ سائنسی تحقیق میں ، اس معاملہ کا مشاہدہ کیا گیا ہے اور یہ ایک متفقہ امر ہے۔ اسی لئے، سائنسی علم کو ممکنہ اور ارتقاء پزیرعلم کے طور پر بیان کیا جاتا ہے۔ سائنسی سوچ و فکر ارتقاء، ترقی اور تبدیلی سے مشروط ہے۔ لہٰذا، سائنسی تفکیر قطعی نہیں ہوتی۔ اس وجہ سے سائنسی طریقہ انسانی سوچ و فکر کی بنیاد کے طور پر موزوں نہیں ہے کہ جس پر انسان اپنی زندگی کا فیصلہ کر سکے اور اسے زندگی کی بنیاد کے طور پر اپنا سکے۔ اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ یہ نہ تو مستحکم حقائق فراہم کرتا ہے اور نہ ہی اشیاء کے وجود کےماخذ، ان کی خصوصیات اور ان کی ماہیئت کے بارے میں کوئی حتمی نتائج دیتا ہے۔ حتیٰ کہ یہ سوچ و فکر کا ایک بنیادی طریقہ بھی فراہم نہیں کرتا۔ اگر سائنسی طریقہ کار کو تفکیر کی بنیاد کے طور پر لیا جائے تو یہ حیات کا مفہوم کھوتے ہوئے وجودِ انسانی کے تصور کو کمزور کرنے کا باعث بنے گا۔ اس کے نتیجے میں وجود کی روح و جوہرکو سمجھنے میں دھندلاہٹ ہو گی اور انسان کو خود اپنے آپ کو جاننے، اپنے مقصد اور زندگی میں اپنے کردار کے بارے میں الجھن پیدا ہو جائے گی۔ یہ ایسا معاملہ ہے جو انسان کو محض ایک بے معنی وجود بناتے ہوئے اسے ہلا کر رکھ دیتا ہے۔ مختصر یہ کہ اگرچہ سائنسی طریقہ کے فائدے تو ہیں اور انسان کو اس کی ضرورت بھی ہے لیکن یہ زندگی کے امور کے لیے سوچ و فکر کی بنیاد بننے کے قابل نہیں ہے۔یہ اس امر کے باوجود ہے کہ سائنس، تجرباتی علوم اور علم کے کچھ ایسے شعبوں کے لیے موزوں ہے جنہیں تجربہ گاہوں میں جانچااورپرکھا جا سکتا ہے۔
وہ صحیح طریقہ جسے اشیاء اور معاملات کو جانچنےکے لیے ثالث بناتے ہوئے، سوچ وفکر کی بنیاد کے طور پر لینا چاہیے، سوچنے کا عقلی طریقہ کار (rational method of thinking)ہے۔ اگر عقلی طریقہ کو درست طور پر استعمال کیا جائے یعنی محسوس کردہ حقیقت کو حواس کے ذریعے دماغ کی طرف منتقل کرکےاسے سابقہ معلومات ( جو کہ نہ تو گزشتہ آراء ہیں اور نہ ہی ان سے جُڑی آراء) سے جوڑا جائے، تو یہ حقیقت کے متعلق فہم دے گا کیونکہ یہ درست نتائج دیتا ہے۔ کچھ مغربی مفکرین کے دعوے کے برعکس، احساس و تفکیر لازم وملزوم ہیں۔ سابقہ معلومات پہلے سے طے شدہ آراء نہیں ہوتیں، جیسا کہ بعض مغربی مفکرین دعویٰ کرتے ہیں۔ سابقہ معلومات تفکیر کا لازمی جزو ہیں۔ عقلی طریقہ، خواہ اس کی درست تعریف کی جائے یا نہیں، ہی وہ طریقہ ہے جس کی بنیاد پر انسان بحیثیت انسان سوچنے، معاملات کو پرکھنے، ان کے وجود، حقیقت اور خصوصیات کے ادراک کا عمل کرتا ہے۔ یہ سوچنے سمجھنے کا وہ طریقہ ہے جس تک تمام انسانوں کی رسائی ہے، جسے انسان اپنی تعلیمی قابلیت سے قطع نظر، اپنے فہم، ادراک اور اپنے فیصلوں میں خود بخود اختیار کر لیتے ہیں۔ عقلی طریقہ ، علوم و تحقیق کے تمام شعبوں کے لئے موزوں ہے۔ اس طرح یہ قدرتی سائنس کے ساتھ ساتھ سماجی سائنس کے لیے بھی موزوں ہے۔ مزید یہ کہ اس کی دو امتیازی خصوصیات ہیں جوکہ سائنسی طریقہ کار میں نہیں پائی جاتیں۔ عقلی طریقہ نئی فکر پیدا کرنے کی صلاحیت کے لحاظ سے ممتاز ہے،جبکہ اس کے برعکس سائنسی طریقہ کار اپنی دریافتوں اور نتائج اخذکرنے کی صلاحیت کے اعتبار سےمحدود ہے۔ اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ سائنسی طریقہ موجود اشیاء (اشیائے محسوسہ) کے چھپے راز تو آشکار کرتا ہے مگر یہ غیر موجود اشیاء(اشیائے غیر محسوسہ) کے بارے میں کچھ بیان نہیں کرتا۔ یہ موجودہ عناصر پر ہی تشکیل دیا گیا ہے اور غیر موجود کے متعلق نتائج نہیں دیتا۔ لہٰذا، سائنسی طریقہ کار نئی فکر پیدا نہیں کرتا۔ جہاں تک عقلی طریقہ کار کی دوسری امتیازی خصوصیت ہے، یہ اشیاء کے وجود کے بارے میں قطعی نتائج فراہم کرنے کی صلاحیت رکھتا ہے۔ یہ سائنسی طریقہ کار کے برعکس، کہ جو اپنی نوعیت کے لحاظ سے احتمالی اور غیر حتمی ہوتا ہے، انسان کو اپنی زندگی کے مفہوم کو سمجھنے کے لئے فیصلہ کن اور قطعی حقائق فراہم کرتا ہے۔ سائنسی طریقہ کار انسان کو قیاس آرائیوں اور مفروضوں کے سوا کچھ نہیں دیتا، کہ جن میں غلطی کا امکان ہوتا ہے۔
یہاں یہ سوال پیدا ہوتا ہے کہ سوچ و فکر کے عقلی طریقہ کو آخر کس طرح بنیادی طریقۂ فکر کے طور پر اپنایا جا سکتا ہے، جب کہ یہ طے ہو چکا ہے کہ عقل توناقص ، عاجز اور محدود ہے لہٰذا اسی لئے عقل یہ تعریف نہیں کر سکتی کہ خیر کیا ہے اور شر کیا ہے اور اسی طرح حُسن کیا ہے اور قبیح کیا ہے؟ یا یہ سوال کہ آخر کس طرح عقلی طریقہ فکر ہی انسان کے لئے بنیادی تفکیر ہو سکتا ہے ، جبکہ یہ کہا جاتا ہے کہ عقل کے علاوہ ایک اور طاقت ہے جو یہ طے کرتی ہے کہ انسان کے لئے کون سا عمل خیر لائے گا اور کون سا عمل نقصان کو روکتا ہے ؟ تو ان سوالوں کا جواب یہ ہے کہ عقلی طریقہ فکر ہی اس پختہ یقین کی بنیاد ہے کہ واقعی ایک طاقت موجود ہے جو انسان کے لئے اچھا اور بُرا اور حُسن اور قبیح طے کرتی ہے۔ پس اس طرح ، عقل تصدیق کرتی ہے کہ اس کائنات، انسان اور حیات کے پسِ پردہ ایک خالق موجود ہے جس نے یہ سب تخلیق کیا ہے اور وہ خالق اللہ سبحانہ و تعالیٰ ہے۔ عقل اس کی بھی تصدیق کرتی ہے کہ انسان ایک مخلوق ہے جو اپنے خالق کے ساتھ تعلقات کومنظم کرنے کے لیے ایک نظام بنانے سے عاجز ہے۔ اس لیے یقیناً خالق کی طرف سے ایک پیغام لانے والا (رسول) ہونا چاہئے جو خالق اور مخلوق کے باہمی ربط کو منظم کرنے کیلئے نظام مہیا کر سکے۔ عقل، مخلوق کے اس طرح ناقص ہونے کی بھی تصدیق کرتی ہےکہ وہ کوئی ایسا مکمل نظام تشکیل دے سکے جو کسی فرق، اختلاف یا تضاد سے پاک ہو اور اس نظام کی بنیاد پر انسان اپنی جبلتوں اور بنیادی ضروریات کی بہترین اور مؤثر طریقے سے تشفی اور تسکین کرسکے۔ پس اس طرح، اس نقطۂ نظر سے یہ ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ لازمی طور پر پیغمبر کی طرف سے ایک ایسا نظام دیا جانا چاہیے جو کسی خامی اور تضاد سے پاک ہو اورجس میں خالق کی خوشنودی ہو۔ لہٰذا، عقلی طریقہ کو بنیادی طریقہ تفکیر بنانے میں اوراُس غیبی طاقت یعنی اللہ سبحانہ وتعالی پر ایمان لانے میں کوئی تضاد نہیں کہ وہ اللہ سبحانہ وتعالی ہی ہیں جو خیر و شر اور حسن و قبح واضح کرتے ہوئے ، نوعِ انسانی کے لئے زندگی کے امور کی تنظیم فراہم کرتے ہیں۔
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